Abstract
ObjectiveThe current interest in mental imagery in fields such as sport and physical training, health, education, underscore the need for designing general measures of imagery vividness that include different sensorial modalities such as the Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire (Psi-Q; Andrade et al., 2014). The Psi-Q measures imagery vividness in seven sensorial modalities with a factorial structure of seven factors corresponding to the sensorial modalities, and has good internal consistency. The aim of the present study was to translate the Psi-Q into Spanish and to assess its psychometric properties.MethodsThe questionnaire was back-translated, and administered to 394 fine arts undergraduates. Moreover, this test was compared to other questionnaires measuring different types de imagery.ResultsA confirmatory factor analysis found that the Psi-Q had seven factors (vision, sound, smell, taste, touch, bodily sensation, and emotional feeling) with results similar to the original test. Values suggested a better fit for the model of the short version. The internal consistency values were 0.93 for the long and 0.89 for the short test. The Psi-Q subscales correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with the total of the Betts’ QMI subscales, and the VVIQ, with the highest significance observed between the Psi-Q Touch and Betts’ QMI Cutaneous (r = −0.57), and between the Psi-Q Olfactory and Betts’ QMI Smell (r = −0.56). Owing to its novelty, the high correlation and significance (p < 0.01) between Psi-Q Vision and the OSIVQ Object (r = 0.36) is worth noting.ConclusionThe Spanish version of the Psi-Q was an adequate measure for evaluating different sensorial modalities of imagery vividness, and exhibited similar psychometric properties to those of the original version. The growing interest in mental imagery in different fields of application justifies the need for adapting the Psi-Q for the Spanish speaking population. This questionnaire is a valuable tool for the understanding of imagery as a psychological process, and as a variable influencing other processes.
Highlights
Information can be stored and processed by mental imagery
Other quantitative instruments for evaluating mental imagery have been developed, such as the instrument developed by Betts (1909) and the extensively used shorter version (Betts’ Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, Betts’ QMI) of Sheehan (1967)
A further widely used questionnaire is the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) developed by Marks (1973), which focuses on visual imagery vividness with eyes either open or shut
Summary
Information can be stored and processed by mental imagery. These mental images can be subsequently used in an array of cognitive activities such as thinking, recalling, problem-solving, and daydreaming (Brogaard and Gatzia, 2017). Other quantitative instruments for evaluating mental imagery have been developed, such as the instrument developed by Betts (1909) and the extensively used shorter version (Betts’ Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, Betts’ QMI) of Sheehan (1967) This test consists of seven sensorial modalities, and a Spanish version is available (Campos and Pérez-Fabello, 2005). The updated version of the VVIQ, which includes 16 items from the original and 16 new items that are presented in a single test and completed with both eyes shut (VVIQ–2; Marks, 1995; McKelvie, 1995), has been evaluated in several Spanish studies (Campos and Pérez-Fabello, 2009; Campos, 2011). The updated version of the VVIQ, which includes 16 items from the original and 16 new items that are presented in a single test and completed with both eyes shut (VVIQ–2; Marks, 1995; McKelvie, 1995), has been evaluated in several Spanish studies (Campos and Pérez-Fabello, 2009; Campos, 2011). Campos (2011) obtained a Cronbach’s α of 0.91, and Campos and Pérez-Fabello (2009) a similar alpha (0.94)
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