Spanish Adaptation of the Inventory Brief Child Abuse Potential and the Protective Factors Survey.

Arturo Sahagún-Morales,Salvador Chacón-Moscoso,Ennio Héctor Carro Pérez,Patricia Andrade Palos,Susana Sanduvete-Chaves,Amada Ampudia Rueda

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705228

Abstract

Child maltreatment is a public health problem with different consequences depending on the form of abuse. Measuring risk and protective factors has been a fertile ground for research, without involving instruments with sufficient evidence of validity. The aim of the study was to gather evidence of validity and reliability of the Inventory Brief Child Abuse Potential (IBCAP) and Protective Factors Survey (PFS) in the Mexican population. The instruments were translated into Spanish. In a non-probabilistic sample of 200 participants, the 7-factor model for the IBCAP [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.984; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.067] and the 4-factor model for the PFS (CFI = 0.974; RMSEA = 0.061) were confirmed, showing adequate fit indices. Reliability was estimated and evidence of convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity was collected, controlling for effects of social desirability. We also report interpretability statistics of the scores. We achieved solid progress in the development of instrumentation that allows determining the presence or absence of protective and risk factors for child abuse.

Highlights

It was decided to comply with the recommendation because both the versions have the most recent validation studies up to the moment of doing this research, in addition to sharing 76.19% (16) of the items
To the 21 items of the Finnish version of Ellonen et al (2019), translated by the panel of translators (Muñiz et al, 2013; Hambleton and Patsula, 2014), the 5 items of the German version of Liel et al (2019), translated by the first author of this paper, were added. The integration of both the versions resulted in a 7-factor theoretical structure in which the Impact of Others, Family Conflict, and Rigidity factors of the Finnish version remained intact, but the Loneliness and Distress factor (LD, nine items) was separated into Loneliness (L, four items) and Distress (D, four items) factors, in addition to the Unhappiness factor (U, three items) which was only found in the German version of Liel et al (2019). When integrating both versions, the Financial Insecurity (FI) factor was made up of a single item, which is why three items were created directly in Spanish that complemented the factor; these items were developed by the first author of this paper
An additional criterion to remove items was to present correlated error variances and have a factor loading

Summary

Introduction

The World Health Organization defines child abuse as all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the health, survival, development or dignity of a child in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power [Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) Oficina Regional para las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 2003, p. 65], being the most widely used definition worldwide (Chahine, 2014; Weibela et al, 2017; Assink et al, 2018; Hayes and O’Neal, 2018; Cicchetti and Handley, 2019; Kaufman and Torbey, 2019; Marco et al, 2019; Sigad et al, 2019).Studies point to physical abuse as a form of child abuse, which is prevalent in the world (Kessler et al, 2010). Self-reported physical abuse records 226 victims per 1,000 boys and girls, with no differences in prevalence by sex (Stoltenborgh et al, 2013). Sexual abuse is the most studied form of child abuse and its prevalence by sex worldwide records 180 victims per 1,000 girls and 76. There is little information on the prevalence of emotional abuse compared to physical and sexual abuse [Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) Oficina Regional para las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 2003]; the self-reported prevalence of emotional abuse is found to be 363 victims per 1,000 boys and girls (Stoltenborgh et al, 2012a). The worldwide prevalence of child abuse is found to be 163 self-reported victims per 1,000 children in physical neglect, and 184 victims per 1,000 children in emotional neglect (Stoltenborgh et al, 2012b)

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