Abstract
Many cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are reported every year in Benin. In order to elucidate the epidemiology of this disease, a space-time analysis was carried out in all the 77 municipalities of the country aiming to identify high risk areas as well as risk factors such as season and transhumance on the period of 2005 to 2014. Data were collected retrospectively from the Directory of Animal Production of Benin. The method of Kulldorff was used with the software SaTScanTM for the space-time analysis while a script was designed in the software R to generate new sizes with three different models of transhumance. From 2005 to 2014, 434 foci were recorded. Many outbreaks occurred in August, September and October. This period corresponds to the small rainy season in the South and the rainy season of the North. The municipality of Parakou was regarded as the source FMD outbreaks in Benin because it hosts one of the largest livestock markets in the country and many rivers. It was the municipality at the highest risk. The other municipalities at risk were Nikki, Pèrèrè and Kalaléas well as Karimama (hosting the national parkW), Kouandé and Toucountouna located nearby Pendjari’s national park. This study revealed that the space-time configuration is real and the main factors of persistence and dissemination of FMD virus were national parks, classified forests and the livestock market of Parakou all located in the North. The variation of the number of cattle due to their transhumance from the North to the South did not influence the zones at risk. Therefore, Northern Benin is probably at high risk of FMD.
Highlights
For many years, Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been a major preoccupation for veterinary services in the word
This study revealed that the spacetime configuration is real and the main factors of persistence and dissemination of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus were national parks, classified forests and the livestock market of Parakou all located in the North
From 2005 to 2014, the months of August, September and October were the periods of high occurrence of FMD
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been a major preoccupation for veterinary services in the word. It is an infectious disease with zoonotic potentials that affects artiodactyl domestic and wild mammalians including humans [1] [2]. FMD is endemic and constitutes a major constraint to the international trade for more than two third of OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) member countries. The risk of introduction of FMD virus limits livestock trades and products from regions where the disease has not been eradicated [4]. Because of its impact on economy and trade, FMD is one of the most important animal diseases in the livestock sector [5]
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