Abstract
Space availability is essential to grant the welfare of animals. To determine the effect of space availability on movement and space use in pregnant ewes (Ovis aries), 54 individuals were studied during the last 11 weeks of gestation. Three treatments were tested (1, 2, and 3 m2/ewe; 6 ewes/group). Ewes' positions were collected for 15 minutes using continuous scan samplings two days/week. Total and net distance, net/total distance ratio, maximum and minimum step length, movement activity, angular dispersion, nearest, furthest and mean neighbour distance, peripheral location ratio, and corrected peripheral location ratio were calculated. Restriction in space availability resulted in smaller total travelled distance, net to total distance ratio, maximum step length, and angular dispersion but higher movement activity at 1 m2/ewe as compared to 2 and 3 m2/ewe (P<0.01). On the other hand, nearest and furthest neighbour distances increased from 1 to 3 m2/ewe (P<0.001). Largest total distance, maximum and minimum step length, and movement activity, as well as lowest net/total distance ratio and angular dispersion were observed during the first weeks (P<0.05) while inter-individual distances increased through gestation. Results indicate that movement patterns and space use in ewes were clearly restricted by limitations of space availability to 1 m2/ewe. This reflected in shorter, more sinuous trajectories composed of shorter steps, lower inter-individual distances and higher movement activity potentially linked with higher restlessness levels. On the contrary, differences between 2 and 3 m2/ewe, for most variables indicate that increasing space availability from 2 to 3 m2/ewe would appear to have limited benefits, reflected mostly in a further increment in the inter-individual distances among group members. No major variations in spatial requirements were detected through gestation, except for slight increments in inter-individual distances and an initial adaptation period, with ewes being restless and highly motivated to explore their new environment.
Highlights
Husbandry practices in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) can differ greatly, ranging from eminently extensive pasture, to intensive, indoor systems [1], differing greatly in the quantity and quality of space [2], which will largely determine sheep behaviour [3]
Lower space availability determined a higher rate of movement activity (P,0.01; Fig. 3A) and a higher use of the peripheral area (P,0.05; Fig. 3B)
Space availability Sufficient space availability is essential to ensure the welfare of confined animals, which should be estimated by considering their behavioural needs and the patterns of movement and space use
Summary
Husbandry practices in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) can differ greatly, ranging from eminently extensive pasture, to intensive, indoor systems [1], differing greatly in the quantity and quality of space [2], which will largely determine sheep behaviour [3]. Low space availability is associated with decreased activity, increased occurrence of social interactions [18], and changes in resting patterns [19] It is associated with reduced air microbial quality, milk hygiene, and higher prevalence of mastitis in lactating ewes [20], and with compromised feed efficiency and normal growth of young lambs [21,22,23]. These studies support the idea that a reduction in the space availability will translate into a reduction in welfare [24]. Once space requirements have been met, further increments will not per se lead to improved welfare [25], since the adequacy of space may differ according to aspects such as the quality of space, the presence of environmental enrichment [7], individual or group housing [26], and to animal-related aspects such as familiarity, breed, and size of animals
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