Abstract
During the last few decades there has been a staggering rise in human consumption of soybean-oil (SO). The microbiome and specific taxa composing it are dramatically affected by diet; specifically, by high-fat diets. Increasing evidence indicates the association between dysbiosis and health or disease state, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis pathogenesis in human and animal models. To investigate the effects of high SO intake, C57BL/6 mice were orally supplemented with SO-based emulsion (SOE) for one month, followed by analyses of atherosclerosis-related biomarkers and microbiota profiling by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA. SOE-supplementation caused compositional changes to 64 taxa, including enrichment in Bacteroidetes, Mucispirillum, Prevotella and Ruminococcus, and decreased Firmicutes. These changes were previously associated with atherosclerosis in numerous studies. Among the shifted taxa, 40 significantly correlated with at least one atherosclerosis-related biomarker (FDR < 0.05), while 13 taxa positively correlated with the average of all biomarkers. These microbial alterations also caused a microbial-derived metabolic-pathways shift, including enrichment in different amino-acid metabolic-pathways known to be implicated in CVD. In conclusion, our results demonstrate dysbiosis following SOE supplementation associated with atherosclerosis-related biomarkers. These findings point to the microbiome as a possible mediator to CVD, and it may be implemented into non-invasive diagnostic tools or as potential therapeutic strategies.
Highlights
The gut microbiota, the commensal microorganisms colonizing the digestive tract, is a complex ecosystem strongly associated with host health state and well-being [1,2,3]
586 taxa were assigned, with the majority belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes (53–67%) and Firmicutes (26–39%)
Firmicutes were less abundant following SO-based emulsion (SOE) supplementation, while Bacteroidetes were more abundant compared to untreated control mice (p < 0.002)
Summary
The gut microbiota, the commensal microorganisms colonizing the digestive tract, is a complex ecosystem strongly associated with host health state and well-being [1,2,3]. Host nutrition is correlated with health state and has a predominant role in the microbiota’s composition by providing substrate availability [2,4]. High-fat diets (HFDs) have been correlated with reduced gut microbial diversity [5,6,7] as well as microbial imbalance and compositional changes, referred to as dysbiosis [7,8,9,10]. Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease of the arteries and the underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases (CVD), was associated with the gut microbiota [3,12,13,14]. Bacterial components (i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycans) as well as synthesized and released microbial-derived circulating factors, are sensed by host receptor systems and alter CVD progression [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]
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