Abstract
Aims: To evaluate genetic variability of five soybean genotypes, and assess genotype × environment effect on seed yield and yield related traits. Study Design: Split-plot, replicated three times. Genotypes were fixed effect while plots (main 60 m2 and subplot 12 m2) were random effects. The sub-plot consists of 4 rows 5 m long with 60 cm and 10 cm inter and intra-row spacing. Place and Duration: El Gantra, Range and Pasture Farm in Sennar State of the Sudan during 2009 and 2010 cropping season. Methodology: Five soybean genotypes NA 5009 RG; TGx 1904-6F, TGx 1740-2F, TGx 1937-1F and Soja were evaluated. A strain of Rhizobium japonicum was used for inoculation at a rate of 10 g per kg of soybean seed using a sugary solution in 2009. Inoculation was not carried out due to the assumption that the field had the remnant of inoculum effect in 2010. All the recommended soybean agronomic practices were equally applied. Number of days to 50% flowering was recorded on plot basis when almost half of the sub-plot flowers. Ten plants were randomly selected on plot basis to quantify these traits: Plant height was measured as from ground surface to the base of meri-stem of the mother plant. Number of branches was computed as an average count of branches per plant. Leaf area was computed using Iamauti [12] empirical relationship. The first pod height was measured at full bloom. Number of seeds per pod was counted at physiological Research Article American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(4): 977-987, 2013 978 maturity of the crop. 100-seed weight was determined randomly from a seed bulk using a digital weighing machine. Seed yield was quantified after harvest and converted into kg/hectare. Results: The effect of genotype (G), environment (E) and G × E interactions on pod number per plant; plant height, first pod height, number of branches per plant, leaf area, number of days to 50% flowering and seed yield were found significant at P=0.05. The highest mean seed yield was obtained from TGx 1937-1F (0.98 t/ha). Beside TGx 1740-2F, TGx 1904-6F and Soja were significantly higher than NA 5009 RG in all environments for seed yield. TGx 1937-1F was an intermediate maturing and best in terms of number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, and leaf area. Correlation coefficient for seed yield showed significant association with days to 50% flowering and leaf area. Conclusion: The best genotype for seed yield across the environments was TGx 1937-1F and TGx 1740-2F, TGx1904-6F and Soja were intermediate and NA 5009 RG was the least. Thus, partitioning G × E into adaptability and phenotypic stability will positively address the information gap on association of traits to yield.
Highlights
Soybean (Glycine max L) is one of the oldest world grown crops
The seed was inoculated once in 2009 with Rhizobium japonicum strain at a rate of 10 g per 1 kg of soybean seed using a sugary solution of 250 g sugar per liter of water to ensure the sticking of the strain on the seed surface to initiate nodulation upon establishment
Genotype and environment interaction was highly significant at (P=0.05) for number of pods per plant, leaf area, days to 50% flowering whereas it was non-significant for plant height, first pod height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield (Table 1)
Summary
Soybean (Glycine max L) is one of the oldest world grown crops. It contains 20 to 22% essential amino acids, 40% protein and 18–22% oil of which 85% is cholesterol free [3,18]. In the Sudan, soybean trials started as early as 1925 at Gezira Research Farm where a low yield of 500 kg/ha was obtained. This low yield was attributed to lack of cultivars adaptable to the Sudan agro-ecological conditions. Lack of adaptable cultivar to the Sudan agro-ecological conditions has enormously contributed into the existing information gap on association of traits with seed yield. This association is of great importance to define selection criteria for yield improvement
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