Abstract
Fluoride ion contamination remains a key challenge for water scarcity. ZrO2 has a good affinity for fluoride ions, but the narrow pH range of application and agglomeration limit its further development. In this work, soybean isolate protein-coated ZrO2 nanoparticles were immobilized into polyurethane sponge to obtain a macroscopic adsorbent (PU-ZrSAF). PU-ZrSAF exhibited fast kinetics (∼30 min), high adsorption capacity (95.24 mg/g), excellent selectivity and resistance to extreme pH. Especially at pH= 3–8, the PU-ZrSAF could still maintain approximately 100% fluoride removal effectiveness. The complexation, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen bonding interaction between the oxygen and nitrogen functional groups of amyloid fibrils and fluoride ions were major mechanism of fluoride ions adsorption. The secondary conformation of proteins also changed during synthesis and adsorption. The strategy of synthesizing protein by-product based composites with environmentally friendly in this study can be extended to remove other contaminants from water.
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