Abstract
Transcription factors of the SOX family were first discovered in mammals in 1990. The sex-determining region Y box 9 belongs to the SOX transcription factor family. It plays an important role in inducing tissue and cell morphogenesis, survival, and many developmental processes. Furthermore, it has been shown to be an oncogene in many tumors. Gynecological malignancies are tumors that occur in the female reproductive system and seriously threaten the lives of patients. Common gynecological malignancies include ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. So far, the molecular mechanisms related to the incidence and development of gynecological malignancies remain unclear. This makes it particularly important to discover their common causative molecule and thus provide an effective therapeutic target. In recent years, studies have found that multiple mechanisms are involved in regulating the expression of the sex-determining region Y box 9, leading to the occurrence and development of gynecological malignancies. In this review, we discuss the prognostic value of SOX9 expression and the potential of targeting SOX9 for gynecological malignancy treatment. We also discuss progress regarding the role of SOX9 in gynecological malignancy pathogenesis through its mediation of important mechanisms, including tumor initiation and proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, and stem cell maintenance.
Highlights
Transcription factors of the SOX family were first discovered in mammals in 1990
These findings suggest that sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) is predominantly expressed in the nucleus in granulosa cell tumors and may be a potential key to distinguishing this from other subtypes of Sex-Cord Stromal Tumors (SCST)
All these suggest that higher SOX9 levels may be an independent prognostic indicator in ovarian epithelial tumor patients. They found that silencing 70% of SOX2 and SOX9 significantly reduced the MMP activity of OVCAR3 cells in gelatin-impregnated SDS gels, invasion in the Boyden chamber system in matrix-encapsulated filters, and motility in wound healing assays [44]. These findings further suggest that SOX9 may play an important role in the invasive process of ovarian epithelial carcinoma with nuclear expression
Summary
Transcription factors of the SOX family were first discovered in mammals in 1990. The family is based on the conserved high migration group (HMG) box genes of the mammalian testis determinant Sry. SOX9 protein contains an HMG box DNA binding domain that recognizes (A/T) CAA (T/A) G DNA sequences and controls the expression of target genes [6]. It contains a transcription activation domain located at the Cterminus [7] and plays an important role in inducing tissue and cell morphogenesis, survival [8], and regulation of many developmental processes [9]; for example, embryonic development, lineage commitment, and stem cell maintenance [10]. We discuss progress regarding the role of SOX9 in gynecological malignancy pathogenesis through its mediation of important mechanisms, including tumor initiation and proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, and stem cell maintenance
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