Abstract
Because of the need to manage hunted populations of waterfowl (Anatidae), biologists have studied many demographic traits of waterfowl by analyzing band recoveries. These analyses have produced the most extensive and best estimates of survival available for any group of birds. Using these data, we examined several factors that might explain variation among annual survival rates to explore large-scale patterns that might be useful in under- standing waterfowl population dynamics. We found that geography, body mass, and tribe (i.e. phylogeny) were important in explaining variation in average waterfowl survival rates. Received 22 April 1996, accepted 18 September 1996. ALTHOUGH MODERN METHODS for estimating survival rates have been available for 30 years (Cormack 1964, Jolly 1965, Seber 1965), these estimators have not been applied evenly among all groups of birds. Modern estimation proce- dures have been put to their fullest use in only one order, the Anseriformes. One reason for this emphasis is the need to understand the relationship between hunter harvest and
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