Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from industrial processes, which are major emission sources of air pollutants, could cause significant impacts on air quality. However, studies on the comprehensive analysis from sources contributing to the health risk perspective regarding ambient VOCs in industrial cities are limited. In this study, VOC samples were collected from 15 April 2018 to 19 October 2018 in Changzhi, a typical industrial city in northern China, and a total of 57 VOCs were measured for analysis. The average VOC concentrations were 54.4 µg·m−3, with the highest concentrations in autumn (58.4 µg·m−3). Ambient VOCs in spring, summer and autumn were all dominated by alkanes (66.8%), with contributions of 70.3%, 66.3% and 63.8%, respectively. The top five concentrations of total VOCs were isopentane (19.0%), ethane (9.5%), n-butane (8.1%), benzene (7.9%) and propane (5.2%), indicating that vehicle exhaust and coal combustion are the main sources of VOCs. Source apportionment by principal component analysis showed that vehicle exhaust (27.5%) and coal combustion (23.5%) were the main sources of VOCs in Changzhi, followed by industrial production (17.4%), solvent evaporation (13.5%), liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas leaking (9.5%), and biogenic emissions (8.7%). Sources of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust contributed more VOCs than industrial production. The carcinogenic risks of benzene (3.4 × 10−5) and ethylbenzene (2.2 × 10−6) were higher than the limit levels (1 × 10−6). Coal combustion contributed most (25.3%) to the carcinogenic risks because of its high VOC emissions. In an industrial city such as Changzhi, vehicle exhaust and coal combustion have become major sources of ambient air VOCs owing to the increasingly stringent industrial standards. Therefore, VOCs from vehicle exhaust and coal combustion also need to take into account mitigation measures for VOCs from the perspective of source contribution to health risk.
Highlights
The concentration of particulate matter (PM) in China has been significantly reduced in recent years owing to the implementation of strict clean air policies
Ozone pollution is addressed in the ambient air quality standards issued by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2016, and it is the only air pollutant whose concentration has increased over the past few years [5–10]
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to ozone production in the near-surface atmosphere, and high concentrations of VOCs often lead to high ozone concentrations
Summary
The concentration of particulate matter (PM) in China has been significantly reduced in recent years owing to the implementation of strict clean air policies. Ozone air pollution has continued to rise, and ozone has become a priority pollutant in many Chinese cities during the summer [3,4]. Ozone pollution is addressed in the ambient air quality standards issued by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2016, and it is the only air pollutant whose concentration has increased over the past few years [5–10]. High ozone concentrations deteriorate air quality and cause a range of human health and ecosystem problems [11,12]. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to ozone production in the near-surface atmosphere, and high concentrations of VOCs often lead to high ozone concentrations. Recent studies have shown that increased O3 concentrations lead to reduced carbon uptake by plants [16]. The identification and quantification of potential VOC sources can provide a basis for decision makers to develop control strategies to mitigate VOC emissions and O3 pollution
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