Abstract
Abstract. Research has shown that excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) of the United States has passed critical load (CL) thresholds and is adversely affecting sensitive ecosystems in this area. To better understand the sources causing excess Nr deposition, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), using Western Air Quality Study (WAQS) emission and meteorology inputs, was used to simulate Nr deposition in the GYA. CAMx's Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) was employed to estimate contributions from agriculture (AG), oil and gas (OG), fire (Fire), and other (Other) source sectors from 27 regions, including the model boundary conditions (BCs) to the simulated Nr for 2011. The BCs were outside the conterminous United States and thought to represent international anthropogenic and natural contributions. Emissions from the AG and Other source sectors are predominantly from reduced N and oxidized N compounds, respectively. The model evaluation revealed a systematic underestimation in ammonia (NH3) concentrations by 65 % and overestimation in nitric acid concentrations by 108 %. The measured inorganic N wet deposition at National Trends Network sites in the GYA was overestimated by 31 %–49 %, due at least partially to an overestimation of precipitation. These uncertainties appear to result in an overestimation of distant source regions including California and BCs and an underestimation of closer agricultural source regions including the Snake River valley. Due to these large uncertainties, the relative contributions from the modeled sources and their general patterns are the most reliable results. Source apportionment results showed that the AG sector was the single largest contributor to the GYA total Nr deposition, contributing 34 % on an annual basis. A total of 74 % of the AG contributions originated from the Idaho Snake River valley, with Wyoming, California, and northern Utah contributing another 7 %, 5 %, and 4 %, respectively. Contributions from the OG sector were small at about 1 % over the GYA, except in the southern Wind River Mountain Range during winter where they accounted for more than 10 %, with 46 % of these contributions coming from OG activities in Wyoming. Wild and prescribed fires contributed 18 % of the total Nr deposition, with fires within the GYA having the highest impact. The Other source category was the largest winter contributor (44 %) with high contributions from California, Wyoming, and northern Utah.
Highlights
The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) of the United States, with Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) at its core, is one of the largest remaining intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone and features diverse wildlife, alpine lakes, forests, and geologic wonders (Keiter and Boyce, 1994; National Park Service (NPS), 2017)
Lee et al (2016) used the adjoint version of GEOS-Chem to quantify the sources of Nr deposition in eight selected federal Class I areas in 2010 and found a nonnegligible footprint (> 20 %) of Nr deposition in the western United States, including GTNP and Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), attributed to long-range transport from sources in California, especially during summertime
The Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) simulation was extensively evaluated against routine monitoring data as well as data collected in the GrandTReNDS special field study (Benedict et al, 2013a; Prenni et al, 2014) and against the nitrogen deposition estimates from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP, http://nadp. slh.wisc.edu/, last access: 30 August 2018) total deposition maps (TDEPs) hybrid modeling results (Schwede and Lear, 2014)
Summary
The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) (see Fig. 1) of the United States, with Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) at its core, is one of the largest remaining intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone and features diverse wildlife, alpine lakes, forests, and geologic wonders (Keiter and Boyce, 1994; NPS, 2017). Total Nr is a mix of oxidized and reduced inorganic nitrogen (N) and organic N compounds that are chemically and biologically active in the Earth’s biosphere and atmosphere and deposited through wet and dry processes. Zhang et al (2012) applied the global chemical transport model (CTM) GEOS-Chem (Bey et al, 2001) using zeroout sensitivity simulations and found that in 2006 natural sources, including lightning and wildfires, contributed more than 10 % of the total Nr deposition over the Teton area. Lee et al (2016) used the adjoint version of GEOS-Chem to quantify the sources of Nr deposition in eight selected federal Class I areas in 2010 and found a nonnegligible footprint (> 20 %) of Nr deposition in the western United States, including GTNP and Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), attributed to long-range transport from sources in California, especially during summertime. The discussion of identified model bias and uncertainties in the interpretation of source apportionment results, including the model lateral boundary conditions, the impact of model precipitation to wet deposition simulation, and the impact of ammonium dry deposition velocity on dry deposition are presented
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