Abstract
It has been known for many years that excessive consumption of saturated fats has proatherogenic properties, contrary to unsaturated fats. However, the molecular mechanism covering these effects is not fully understood. In this paper, we aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using RNA-sequencing, following feeding pigs with different sources of fat. After comparison of adipose samples from three dietary groups (rapeseed oil (n = 6), beef tallow (n = 5), coconut oil (n = 5)), we identified 29 DEGs (adjusted p-value < 0.05, fold change > 1.3) between beef tallow and rapeseed oil and 2 genes between coconut oil and rapeseed oil groups. No differentially expressed genes were observed between coconut oil and beef tallow groups. Almost all 29 DEGs between rapeseed oil and beef tallow groups are connected to neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer (e.g., PLAU, CYBB, NCF2, ZNF217, CHAC1, CTCFL). Functional analysis of these genes revealed that they are associated with fluid shear stress response, complement and coagulation cascade, ROS signaling, neurogenesis, and regulation of protein binding and protein catabolic processes. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the whole datasets from all three comparisons suggests that both beef tallow and coconut oil may trigger changes in the expression level of genes crucial in the pathogenesis of civilization diseases.
Highlights
Inappropriate dietary patterns are one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
We describe the analysis of the effect of source of dietary fat on gene expression in adipose tissue of pigs, based on part of the data obtained in a previously described RNA sequencing experiment [7]
We identified 29 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the rapeseed oil vs. beef tallow comparison (15 upregulated and 14 downregulated in the beef tallow group, and only two DEGs (CD209 and FAM16) in the beef tallow vs. coconut oil comparison
Summary
Inappropriate dietary patterns are one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). According to the Japanese Atherosclerosis Society (JAS), the recommended intake of fat should not exceed 20–25% of total energy intake, including 4.5–7% of saturated fatty acids [1]. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fish and monounsaturated fats, is the best example of diets for health promotion. Inhibiting the development of cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer by this diet has been well proved [2,3]. It is still unclear which components of the Mediterranean diet provide health-promoting agents. It is generally accepted that replacing some saturated fats (SFA) with unsaturated fats (UFA) may reduce the risk of heart and vascular disease, but it is not clear whether monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are more beneficial. Optimal fatty acid composition recommendations in the human diet are still unavailable [4]
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