Abstract
Ambient VOCs in the vicinity of a petrochemical industrial area were analyzed for their health impact and potential emission sources. Comprehensive measurements of VOCs were conducted based on U.S. EPA TO-15. Potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic inhalation risks were evaluated by comparing the measured concentrations with the inhalation unit risk (IUR) and reference concentration (RfC). The results indicated that a high carcinogenic risk occurred from 1,2 dibromoethane and benzene, while non-carcinogenic risks were attributed to 1,3 butadiene, 1,1,2 trichloroethane, and 3-chloropropene. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Version 5.0 was further utilized to estimate the contribution of specific sources to the VOC mixing ratio. The results revealed that the average VOC concentration in the community area was dominated by aromatic hydrocarbons, with toluene having the highest concentration. Vehicle exhaust was evaluated as the most contributing emission source of the VOC mixing ratio, followed by industrial processes. Specific VOC ratios were also applied to identify VOC sources. The T/B ratio was within the range 3.54–5.15, confirming that vehicle emissions were the main source of pollutants during the entire investigated period in the community area. As for the industrial area, the average VOC concentration was dominated by alkenes. Industrial processes and the petrochemical industry were the major sources of VOCs. The health risk assessment in the industrial area indicated that acrolein had the highest risk for non-carcinogens. 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,3-butadiene showed high potential as carcinogens.
Highlights
It is well recognized that rapid urban and industrial development are major factors leading to an increase in air pollution
Intensive measurements of airborne Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in the largest petroleum/petrochemical industrial complex in Thailand
The contribution and potential health impact of VOCs monitored at 14 monitoring stations located within and outside of the industrial estate were evaluated, and likely sources investigated
Summary
It is well recognized that rapid urban and industrial development are major factors leading to an increase in air pollution. The photochemical interactions among VOCs and nitrogen oxide (NOx) lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3) and other secondary pollutants, including peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (Carter, 1994; Leuchner and Rappengluck, 2010; Wu et al, 2016). These secondary air pollutants receive a great deal of attention because of their potential environmental and health impacts (Hui et al, 2019; Li et al, 2020; Mozaffar et al, 2020).
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