Abstract
Air quality deterioration is a big concern all over the world. It affects both humans and animals in a variety of ways. Air pollution must be quantified to monitor its negative impacts and stakeholders to proffer mitigation options. On this note, our research team has taken measures in Nigeria to monitor and measure PM2.5, its associated elements, as well as local meteorological parameters during sampling period. In addition, enrichment, contamination index, and principal component analysis of associated elements were studied. For ten months (January–October 2018), PM2.5 samples were collected at three locations in Ondo State, Nigeria with coordinates (the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA)—low-density residential (LDR), Oba Ile (high-density residential (HDR), and Museum (IND, High density traffic and commercial area) (January–October). The Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF), and Pollution Load Index (PLI), as well as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the samples were determined. Average PM2.5 mass concentrations [101 µg/m3 (FUTA); 120 µg/m3 (Oba Ile); and 176 µg/m3 (Museum)] were found to be higher than the WHO (10 µg/m3) and USEPA (15 µg/m3) normal limits. The concentrations of the most prominent elements were in the order; K > Na > Ca > P > Al, while the trace elements displayed Cu > Fe > Zn > Ni > Cr > Mn > Pb. Oba-Ile had the highest metal enrichment in the order: Ti > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr. The PCA resolved four factors vis-à-vis vehicular activities, biomass burning, and soil dust as the major PM2.5 emission sources. The findings could be useful in the current drive to develop national air quality guideline for PM2.5.
Highlights
In recent decades, globally, one of the most pressing public health concerns has been air pollution (Suriano, 2020; Penza et al, 2018; Suriano, 2015)
This study examines the elemental composition of particulate matter (PM2.5) in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, as well as the source identification
The concentrations of PM2.5 measured at Akure are summarized in Fig. 2 during the sampling periods, the mean concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 101 μg m3 FUTA to 176 μg m3 Museum
Summary
One of the most pressing public health concerns has been air pollution (Suriano, 2020; Penza et al, 2018; Suriano, 2015). The scale of atmospheric aerosols affects human health and the climate. Studies of size-segregated particulate matter are required to gain a better understanding of the effects of aerosols. Coarse (PM2.5) and fine (PM, fractions) size segregations are the most common. Our understanding of particulate matter's chemical and physical components assists in determining its effects on the atmosphere and people, as well as recognizing and quantifying its natural and anthropogenic origins. It aids policymakers in developing well-informed policies to combat air pollution (Ezeh et al, 2015). Urban air pollution is typically caused by a complex mix of gaseous and particulate air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ground-level ozone (defined as aerodynamic diameter particulate matter (PM2.5) (Abulude et al 2021)
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