Abstract
ABSTRACTChildren have higher lung function than adults and they spend most of their day time in schools. Also, children studying at schools located in the vicinity of busy roadways are vulnerable to childhood asthma and respiratory disorders. The present study is focused on estimating the sources of PM2.5 particles present in the indoor air quality in schools which are located adjacent to urban and suburban roadways. The indoor PM2.5 samples from all the four schools were collected using fine dust sampler from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The sampling was carried out for one complete week during various seasons including both working and non-working days. The chemical compositions of the PM2.5 samples were analyzed for certain elements like Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) and ions like F–, Cl–, NO3–, PO43–, SO42–, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, Na+ using Ion Chromatography (IC). Source apportionment study using Chemical Mass Balance was carried out using the species concentration of the collected samples. The major sources were found to be Paved Road Dust, Soil Dust, Gasoline Vehicle Emissions, Diesel Vehicle Emissions and Marine Source Emissions. Among these, vehicular emissions contribution was found to be higher for the schools located close to roadways rather than the school located at a considerable distance from highway. The difference in source type contribution at each school clearly depicts the difference in nature of location and type of activities in the vicinity of the sampling sites.
Highlights
In the most recent, studies on indoor air pollution finds greater importance as majority of the population spend most of their time in an indoor environment rather than outdoors
PM2.5 samples were collected using high volume samplers and the exposed filters were subjected to further analyse for their elemental and ionic composition
The obtained data was used to apportion the sources contributing to the indoor environment of the schools by using a receptor modelling technique, Chemical Mass Balance (CMB)
Summary
Studies on indoor air pollution finds greater importance as majority of the population spend most of their time in an indoor environment rather than outdoors. Children are more susceptible than adults to air pollutants and its associated effects since children have a higher lung function than that of average adults (Daisey et al, 2003). Even though school building lacks the primary indoor sources such as smoking, cooking, burning or any other anthropogenic activity (Rovelli et al, 2014) there is a greater chance for the outdoor pollutants present in the school neighbourhood to affect the indoor wellbeing. There is a direct link for Kalaiarasan et al, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: 616–625, 2017 data analysis methods were used by various researchers, (Srivastava et al, 2008; Pipalatkar et al, 2014) for estimating the sources of air pollutants at any receptor location
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