Source Apportionment of Nutrient Loads to a Mediterranean River and Potential Mitigation Measures

Anna Maria De Girolamo,Antonio Lo Porto

doi:10.3390/w12020577

Abstract

The aims of the study were to quantify nutrient loads from point and diffuse pollution sources in the Rio Mannu stream and to simulate mitigation measures for reducing nutrient loads delivered to the Santa Gilla wetland. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was used for simulating hydrology, nutrient balance and water quality. At the basin scale, the input from fertilisers was 80.3 kg ha−1 year−1 total nitrogen (TN) (87.6% of the total input) and 27.6 kg ha−1 year−1 of total phosphorus (TP) (99.8% of the total input). Atmospheric deposition and biological N-fixation together accounted for about 12% of the total TN input. The TN and TP from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were about 14.2 t year−1 and 3.1 t year−1, respectively. Nutrient loads delivered to the river system differed among the sub-basins, with TP ranging from 0.2 kg ha−1 year−1 to 2.7 kg ha−1 year−1, and the sum of organic N and NO3-N ranging from 1.8 kg ha−1 year−1 to 22.9 kg ha−1 year−1. Under high flow conditions, NO3-N and TP accounted for 89% and 99% of the total load, respectively. The low flow contribution to the total load was very low, with NO3-N and TP accounting for 2.8% and 0.7%, respectively. However, the natural hydrological regime in the study area is intermittent, and low flow represents a critical condition for the water quality due to the high concentrations of TP and NO3-N from WWTP discharge. To improve the water quality, the reuse of treated wastewater from three WWTPs for irrigation purposes on olive cultivation, coupled with a 20% reduction in fertiliser application, was simulated. The results showed a reduction in nutrient loads at the outlet for all hydrological conditions. However, additional measures are needed for improving water quality.

Highlights

Water shortages and water quality are two relevant issues in many countries around the world.In the coming decades, water availability could be reduced as a result of climate change and economic development [1]
The results showed a slight reduction in nutrient load because of the exclusion of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs); these were 306 kg d−1, 1745 kg d−1 and 868 kg d−1 for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and NO3 -N, respectively
The results of the present study show that, in the absence of WWTP discharges into the river, TP concentrations would remain higher than the threshold limit under high flow conditions (73 days), while the TP would generally be lower than the limit for most of the year

Summary

Introduction

Water shortages and water quality are two relevant issues in many countries around the world. Water availability could be reduced as a result of climate change and economic development [1]. On the basis of our increased awareness of these problems, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Secretary-General has placed water at the centre of the global agenda, recognising that water availability and water quality constitute two of the most pressing global challenges [2]. With the Nitrate Directive [3] and Water Framework Directive (WFD) [4], the European member states have been called on to prevent the pollution of surface water and groundwater from point and diffuse sources. A preliminary analysis to quantify the anthropogenic pressures and their impacts on surface waters is necessary, and a detailed

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