Abstract
Hydrocarbon contamination is of great worry because of their widespread effect on all forms of life. Pollution caused by increasing the use of crude oil is ordinary because of its extensive application and its related transport and dumping problems. Crude oil contains a complex mixture of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds. Soil naturally consists of heavy metals, and due to human action like refining of oil and use of pesticides, their concentration in soil is rising. Several areas have such high heavy metal and metalloid concentration that surrounding natural ecosystem has been badly affected. The reason is that heavy metals and metalloids limit microbe's activity rendering it unsuitable for hydrocarbon degradation, thus reducing its effectiveness. Environmental remediation is thus extremely necessary and involves with the elimination of pollutants from soil, air, and water. In the last several decades, different methods have been employed and applied for the cleanup of our environment which includes mechanical, chemical, and biochemical remediation methods. The hydrocarbon pollution consists of many aspects like oil spills, fossil fuels, organic pollutants like aromatics, etc. that are discussed below.
Highlights
Contamination of hydrocarbon occurs due to toxic organic substances, petroleum, and pesticides which is a serious concern for the environment
The complex mixture of petroleum consists of saturated and branched alkanes, alkenes, and homo- and heterocyclic naphthenes; aromatics consisting of heteroatoms such as heavy metal complexes and N, S, and O; hydrocarbon consisting of different functional groups such as ethers, carboxylic acids, etc.; and large aromatic molecules such as asphaltenes, resins, and naptheno-aromatics
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) due to carcinogenicity, toxicity, and slow biodegradation in the nature are well thought-out to be the worst pollutants [8] of commercial PCBs of about hundreds of thousands of metric tons are persevere in aquatic sediments [9]
Summary
Contamination of hydrocarbon occurs due to toxic organic substances, petroleum, and pesticides which is a serious concern for the environment. Hydrocarbon Pollution and Its Effect on the Environment are distilled at atmospheric pressure, and heavy ends is used for heavy fractions such as asphaltenes and lube oil. Due to different hydrocarbon compositions of light and heavy ends of petroleum, light ends consists of a lower percentage of aromatic compounds and lower molecular weight saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, while heavier ends consists of higher molecular weight saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds with high molecular weight, and organometallic compounds. This part is relatively affluent in metals and nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen-containing compounds [1]. There is a large impact of higher heavy metal and metalloid concentration in some areas [2]
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