Abstract
In this paper, we propose an underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) named SOUNET where sensor nodes form and maintain a tree-topological network for data gathering in a self-organized manner. After network topology discovery via packet flooding, the sensor nodes consistently update their parent node to ensure the best connectivity by referring to the time-varying neighbor tables. Such a persistent and self-adaptive method leads to high network connectivity without any centralized control, even when sensor nodes are added or unexpectedly lost. Furthermore, malfunctions that frequently happen in self-organized networks such as node isolation and closed loop are resolved in a simple way. Simulation results show that SOUNET outperforms other conventional schemes in terms of network connectivity, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption throughout the network. In addition, we performed an experiment at the Gyeongcheon Lake in Korea using commercial underwater modems to verify that SOUNET works well in a real environment.
Highlights
With the advancements in underwater communication technologies such as acoustic modems, hydrophones, and digital signal processing (DSP), underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have drawn considerable attention in various applications such as tactical surveillance, oceanographic observation, disaster prevention, undersea exploration, and assisted navigation [1,2,3]
Each transmission range could be different in real world applications, but we assumed that all of the nodes transmission range could be different in real world applications, but we assumed that all of the nodes have the same transmission range
We have proposed a new self-organized underwater sensor network, SOUNET, which addresses many practical issues caused by the unexpected loss or addition of sensor nodes
Summary
With the advancements in underwater communication technologies such as acoustic modems, hydrophones, and digital signal processing (DSP), underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have drawn considerable attention in various applications such as tactical surveillance, oceanographic observation, disaster prevention, undersea exploration, and assisted navigation [1,2,3]. After constructing an initial tree-topological network through the flooding of a control packet as in S13 and H2-DAB, the sensor nodes consistently update a neighbor table, which contains information about neighbors such as their identification, hierarchical level or hop count, and the dead-end status indicator based on the packets heard from the neighbors. When a link hole occurs due to a lost or dead node, the child node reconfigures the link based on the local information acquired from the neighbor table Such a scheme without additional signaling for finding new links saves energy consumption and reduces delays for repairing networks.
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