Abstract
The effects of near‐surface bubbles on refraction and attenuation in sound propagation in the ocean are calculated from a semi‐empirical model of bubble‐size spectrum based on photographic data [B. D. Johnson and R. C. Cooke, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3761–3766 (1979)]. The attenuation rates are calculated by numerical integration over the entire bubble spectrum. By fitting the numerical results simple expressions are obtained which allow the computation, in hand‐held calculators, of the energy losses in surface duct propagation and two‐way attenuation in vertical paths. The study has been carried out at frequencies of interest for active and fish‐finding sonars, and for wind speeds up to 30 knots.
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