SOSPCNN: Structurally Optimized Stochastic Pooling Convolutional Neural Network for Tetralogy of Fallot recognition.

Abstract

This study proposes a new artificial intelligence model based on cardiovascular computed tomography for more efficient and precise recognition of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Our model is a structurally optimized stochastic pooling convolutional neural network (SOSPCNN), which combines stochastic pooling, structural optimization, and convolutional neural network. In addition, multiple-way data augmentation is used to overcome overfitting. Grad-CAM is employed to provide explainability to the proposed SOSPCNN model. Meanwhile, both desktop and web apps are developed based on this SOSPCNN model. The results on ten runs of 10-fold cross-validation show that our SOSPCNN model yields a sensitivity of 92.25±2.19, a specificity of 92.75±2.49, a precision of 92.79±2.29, an accuracy of 92.50±1.18, an F1 score of 92.48±1.17, an MCC of 85.06±2.38, an FMI of 92.50±1.17, and an AUC of 0.9587. The SOSPCNN method performed better than three state-of-the-art TOF recognition approaches.