Abstract

Dental adhesives hydrolyze in the mouth. This study investigated the water sorption (SOR), solubility (SOL) and cytotoxicity (CYTO) of experimental adhesives containing nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (N_TiO2). Specimens (n = 15/group [SOR, SOL]; n = 10/group [CYTO]) of unaltered Clearfil SE Protect (CSP), OptiBond Solo Plus (OSP), Adper Scotchbond (ASB) and experimental adhesives (OSP + 25% or 30% of N_TiO2) were fabricated, desiccated (37 °C) and tested for SOR and SOL according to ISO Specification 4049 (2009). CYTO specimens were UV-sterilized (8 J/cm2) and monomer extracted in growth medium (1, 3 or 7 days). Human pulp cells were isolated and seeded (0.5 × 104) for MTT assay. SOR and SOL data was analyzed using GLM and SNK (α = 0.05) and CYTO data was analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and SNK tests (α = 0.05). SOR and SOL values ranged from 25.80 μg/mm3 (30% N_TiO2) to 28.01 μg/mm3 (OSP) and 23.88 μg/mm3 (30% N_TiO2) to 25.39 μg/mm3 (25% N_TiO2). CYTO results indicated that pulp cells exposed to experimental materials displayed comparable viabilities (p > 0.05) to those of OSP. Experimental materials displayed comparable SOR, SOL and CYTO values (p > 0.05) when compared to unaltered materials. N_TiO2 incorporation have not adversely impacted SOR, SOL and CYTO properties of unaltered adhesives.

Highlights

  • Resin composite restorations are currently the most prevalent medical intervention in human beings with more than five hundred million restorations placed globally every y­ ear[1]

  • Specimens fabricated with ­N_TiO2 exhibited mean values of 30-day SOL that were comparable to those of specimens fabricated with unaltered Adper Scotchbond (ASB), Clearfil SE Protect (CSP) and OptiBond Solo Plus (OSP)

  • At day 1 specimens could be rank ordered in terms of decreasing values of weight where 30% ­N_TiO2 > 25% ­N_TiO2 > OSP > CSP > ASB, respectively

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Summary

Introduction

Resin composite restorations are currently the most prevalent medical intervention in human beings with more than five hundred million restorations placed globally every y­ ear[1]. The utilization of hydrophilic monomers in dental adhesives has been shown to adversely affect the water sorption and solubility properties of these types of dental ­biomaterials[18,19,20,21], and to result in the attainment of a semi-permeable hybrid layer susceptible to slow processes of hydrolytic degradation Such high permeability facilitates the absorption of water (via d­ iffusion[9] and c­ apillarity20), promotes the formation of water trees (a 3-dimensional network of interconnecting pores), and results in polymeric matrixes that are expanded and plasticized, and the leaching of unreacted hydrophilic monomers (such as TEGDMA, HEMA, bis-GMA, UDMA, etc.). Despite the promising properties previously r­ eported[28], no information is available regarding the sorption, solubility and cytotoxicity behavior of experimental dental adhesive resins containing N­ _TiO2

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