Abstract
Dental adhesives hydrolyze in the mouth. This study investigated the water sorption (SOR), solubility (SOL) and cytotoxicity (CYTO) of experimental adhesives containing nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (N_TiO2). Specimens (n = 15/group [SOR, SOL]; n = 10/group [CYTO]) of unaltered Clearfil SE Protect (CSP), OptiBond Solo Plus (OSP), Adper Scotchbond (ASB) and experimental adhesives (OSP + 25% or 30% of N_TiO2) were fabricated, desiccated (37 °C) and tested for SOR and SOL according to ISO Specification 4049 (2009). CYTO specimens were UV-sterilized (8 J/cm2) and monomer extracted in growth medium (1, 3 or 7 days). Human pulp cells were isolated and seeded (0.5 × 104) for MTT assay. SOR and SOL data was analyzed using GLM and SNK (α = 0.05) and CYTO data was analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and SNK tests (α = 0.05). SOR and SOL values ranged from 25.80 μg/mm3 (30% N_TiO2) to 28.01 μg/mm3 (OSP) and 23.88 μg/mm3 (30% N_TiO2) to 25.39 μg/mm3 (25% N_TiO2). CYTO results indicated that pulp cells exposed to experimental materials displayed comparable viabilities (p > 0.05) to those of OSP. Experimental materials displayed comparable SOR, SOL and CYTO values (p > 0.05) when compared to unaltered materials. N_TiO2 incorporation have not adversely impacted SOR, SOL and CYTO properties of unaltered adhesives.
Highlights
Resin composite restorations are currently the most prevalent medical intervention in human beings with more than five hundred million restorations placed globally every y ear[1]
Specimens fabricated with N_TiO2 exhibited mean values of 30-day SOL that were comparable to those of specimens fabricated with unaltered Adper Scotchbond (ASB), Clearfil SE Protect (CSP) and OptiBond Solo Plus (OSP)
At day 1 specimens could be rank ordered in terms of decreasing values of weight where 30% N_TiO2 > 25% N_TiO2 > OSP > CSP > ASB, respectively
Summary
Resin composite restorations are currently the most prevalent medical intervention in human beings with more than five hundred million restorations placed globally every y ear[1]. The utilization of hydrophilic monomers in dental adhesives has been shown to adversely affect the water sorption and solubility properties of these types of dental biomaterials[18,19,20,21], and to result in the attainment of a semi-permeable hybrid layer susceptible to slow processes of hydrolytic degradation Such high permeability facilitates the absorption of water (via d iffusion[9] and c apillarity20), promotes the formation of water trees (a 3-dimensional network of interconnecting pores), and results in polymeric matrixes that are expanded and plasticized, and the leaching of unreacted hydrophilic monomers (such as TEGDMA, HEMA, bis-GMA, UDMA, etc.). Despite the promising properties previously r eported[28], no information is available regarding the sorption, solubility and cytotoxicity behavior of experimental dental adhesive resins containing N _TiO2
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