Sorodiagnóstico, isolamento e genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii e investigação molecular de outros protozoários pertencentes à família Sarcocystidae em morcegos do estado de São Paulo

Abstract

CABRAL, A. D. Serodiagnosis, isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii and molecular investigation of other protozoa belonging to the Sarcocystidae family in bats from Sao Paulo state. [Sorodiagnostico, isolamento e genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii e investigacao molecular de outros protozoarios pertencentes a familia Sarcocystidae em morcegos do estado de Sao Paulo]. 2013. 181 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciencias) – Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 2013. The existing studies on protozoa belonging to the Sarcocystidae family are scarce and outdated in free-living bats. In Brazil, the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii is well documented in domestic animals and humans, with reports in several wild hosts. Worldwide, there is a great interest in understanding the genetic variation of T. gondii using differen molecular tools as the Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The present study aimed to research the frequency of occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies, to isolate and molecularly characterize T. gondii and to investigate the presence of coccidia from Sarcocystidae family in free-living bats from Sao Paulo state. A total of 1921 bats from 15 municipalities in Sao Paulo state were examined from March 2010 to March 2011. It was obtained 14.89% (28/188) of positivity for T. gondii by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA ≥ 16) and 18.61% (35/188) by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥ 25) with low agreement between techniques when using Kappa (K = 0.046). From a total of 282 bioassays in mice, two bat isolates were obtained, TgBatBr1 from Molossus molossus, an insectivorous, male, adult bat, and TgBatBr2 from Desmodus rotundus, a vampire, male, adult bat, both causing 100% of mouse mortality. Genotyping of isolates and T. gondii positive primary samples from bats were performed by PCR-RFLP using markers SAG1, 5'3'SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, alt. SAG2, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, Apico, L358 and CS3, revealing ToxoDB-RFLP genotypes #162 and #19, respectively, for isolates TgBatBr1 and TgBatBr2. Primers that amplify the 18S ribosomal DNA region were employed for molecular investigation of Sarcocystidae in primary samples and the positive samples were sequenced. Analysis of sequence could be accomplished for 48 Sarcocystidae positive samples. A 100% identity with T. gondii was found in four bats, and with Neospora caninum, Hammondia hammondi, Cystoisospora ohioensis and Frenkelia glareoli in a bat, respectively. Thirty-nine samples showed 94-98% identity with other Sarcocystidae and, probably, these are new species. Genotyping of positive primary samples for T. gondii was complete from one insectivorous bat (Eumops glaucinus), corresponding to genotype # 69 and from other insectivorous bat (E. glaucinus), showing genotype # 6, which corresponds to the Type BrI. It is necessary to investigate the importance of bats as reservoirs of infectious diseases, and it could be suggested the inclusion of the diagnosis of T. gondii as a differential to rabies. We also emphasize the importance of T. gondii genotypes from bats being shared with terrestrial hosts and of studies on Sarcocystidae in bats in order to better understand the host-parasite relationship.