Abstract
As one of several types of pollutants in water, chlorinated compounds have been routinely subjected to sonochemical analysis to check the environmental applications of this technology. In this review, an extensive study of the influence of the initial concentration, ultrasonic intensity and frequency on the kinetics, degradation efficiency and mechanism has been analyzed. The sonochemical degradation follows a radical mechanism which yields a very wide range of chlorinated compounds in very low concentrations. Special attention has been paid to the mass balance comparing the results from several analytical techniques. As a conclusion, sonochemical degradation alone is not an efficient treatment to reduce the organic pollutant level in waste water.
Highlights
Chlorinated compounds are one of the most widespread pollutant groups in any media in our environment [1] and, because of this, a large number of techniques, including traditional techniques [2], sequential combinations of techniques [3], hybrid [4] and new technologies [5], are continuously being developed to provide an efficient solution to this important issue
The chemical effects of ultrasound derive from acoustic cavitation, which is a nonlinear process that serves as a means of concentration of the diffuse energy of sound in liquids
The degradation mechanism of a specific molecule depends on the region where the chemical reaction takes place, finding a destructive thermal pathway and/or a destructive radically oxidative pathway
Summary
Chlorinated compounds are one of the most widespread pollutant groups in any media in our environment [1] and, because of this, a large number of techniques, including traditional techniques [2], sequential combinations of techniques [3], hybrid [4] and new technologies [5], are continuously being developed to provide an efficient solution to this important issue Among these methods, sonochemical treatment has received a lot of attention due to its special features. The chemical effects of ultrasound derive from acoustic cavitation, which is a nonlinear process that serves as a means of concentration of the diffuse energy of sound in liquids This high-energy microenvironment is induced by the extreme conditions during the cavitation event by means of the generation of high-energy species (radicals), at least from the solvent, and/or the high temperature and pressure in the cavitating bubble[7,8]. General remarks to keep in mind in any experiment design are presented
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