Sonochemical degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: a new heterogeneous kinetics model taking into account the local concentration of OH radicals and azo dyes

Abstract

The sonochemical decolorization and decomposition of azo dyes, such as C. I. Reactive Red 22 and methyl orange, were performed from the viewpoints of wastewater treatment and to determine the reaction kinetics. A low concentration of the azo dye solution was irradiated with a 200 kHz and 1.25 W/cm 2 ultrasound in a homogeneous aqueous solution. The azo dye solutions were readily decolorized by the irradiation. The sonochemical decolorization was also depressed by the addition of the t-butyl alcohol radical scavenger. These results indicated that azo dye molecules were mainly decomposed by OH radicals formed from the water sonolysis. In this paper, we propose a new kinetics model taking into account the heterogeneous reaction kinetics similar to a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism or an Eley–Rideal mechanism. The proposed kinetics model is based on the local reaction site at the interface region of the cavitation bubbles, where azo dye molecules are quickly decomposed because an extremely high concentration of OH radicals exists in this region. To confirm the proposed kinetics model, the effects of the initial concentration of azo dyes, irradiated atmosphere and pH on the decomposition rates were investigated. The obtained results were in good agreement with the proposed kinetics model.