Sono-synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: Effects of process parameters

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is a bioactive ceramic with excellent osteoconductive properties. This characteristic helps HA to be integrated into the bone without provoking an immune reaction, thus making it a useful biocompatible material for load bearing bone implant. In this study, nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) was synthesised using a precipitation method assisted with ultrasonication. The process parameters such as ultrasonic time (t) (10–30min), ultrasonic amplitude (A) (50–70%), solution temperature (T) (50–90°C), and solution pH (7–9) were varied on the basis of single factor and their effects on NHA synthesis was investigated. Besides that, the effect of calcination on the NHA powder morphology was also studied by varying the calcination time (2, 4 and 6h) and temperature (400, 800 and 1200°C). The characterisations of the synthesised NHA powder were conducted using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta-sizer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that nano-sized HA particles can be produced at optimum set of process parameters of t=25min, T=90°C, A=65%, and pH=8. Results revealed that the thermal stability, morphology and crystallinity of the NHA powder was further improved by calcinating the powder at optimum temperature and time of 800°C and 2 h, respectively.