Abstract
Nanocellulose has many applications in industrial sectors, such as in pulp and papermaking, production of synthetic textile fibers, dye, ink, and coating materials. The cellulose itself can be isolated from the waste of pine cone flower. This paper reports formic acid in the different concentrations (10%, 30%, and 60%) for hydrolyzing of cellulose using sonication technique (48 kHz) at 45 °C for 60 mins. The hydrolyzed cellulose was analyzed using FTIR and XRD spectrometry. It was found that the hydrolyzed-cellulose isolated was 92.4%, 94.6%, and 89.6%, respectively. The FTIR spectra provided the band for O-H (3435 cm−1) and C-O-C (1180-1060 cm−1) functional groups. However, the spectra also showed the C=C band for lignin impurities at 1661 cm−1. Furthermore, The XRD data gave similar 2-theta values for all hydrolyzed cellulose at 16°, 22°, and 34° respectively. The crystallite size was 18.34, 15.09, and 15.07 nm. Meanwhile, the crystallinity index was 50.50, 52.70, and 51.60% respectively.
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