Abstract
Methods for inspecting the integrity of audio recordings become a necessity. The evolution of technology allowed the manufacturing of small, performant, recording devices and significantly decreased the difficulty of audio editing. Any person that participates in a conversation can secretly record it, obtaining their own version of the audio captured using their personal device. The recordings can be easily edited afterwards to change the meaning of the message. The challenge is to prove if recordings were tampered with or not. A reliable solution for this was the highly acclaimed Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) criterion. Newer recording devices are built to avoid picking up the electrical network signal because, from the audio content point of view, it represents noise. Thus, the classic ENF criterion becomes less effective for recordings made with newer devices. The paper describes a novel sonic watermarking (i.e., the watermark is acoustically summed with the dialogue) solution, based on an ambient sound that can be easily controlled and is not suspicious to listeners: the ticking of a clock. This signal is used as a masker for frequency-swept (chirp) signals that are used to encode the ENF and embed it into all the recordings made in a room. The ENF embedded using the proposed watermark solution can be extracted and checked at any later moment to determine if a recording has been tampered with, thus allowing the use of the ENF criterion principles in checking the recordings made with newer devices. The experiments highlight that the method offers very good results in ordinary real-world conditions.
Highlights
The current solutions for editing multimedia files allow almost anyone to modify them with results that would not draw the attention of a listener
The new sonic watermarking system proposed in this paper is different from most other algorithms because it allows the use of the Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) criterion principles to analyse recordings made with new audio recording devices
The new recording devices are built to reject the mains hum, the essential element needed for the ENF criterion to function
Summary
The current solutions for editing multimedia files allow almost anyone to modify them with results that would not draw the attention of a listener. Double compression happens when audio recordings are Active methods—rely on theif insertion of auxiliary data has during recording. Those are edited, but it cannot highlight the meaning of the message beenthe modified; extracted in the integrity check process and compared with the reference data that were inserted. If the with extracted data matches the reference, can the be in the integrity check process and compared the reference data that were inserteditwhen concluded that the integrity of the recording was preserved These methods offer a much greater recording was captured. Offered result, butmethods only theoffer recordings that contain the integrity the recording These a much greater degree ofauxiliary certainty data checked. To thepresented propertiesabove, presented above, theofvariation the for is one hour in is shown theillustrate properties the variation the ENFof for one hour shown
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