Abstract
In this paper we address Kant’s thesis of human beings’ unsocial sociability and a number of related themes such as perpetual peace, cosmopolitanism and patriotism and how this thesis was extended by Hegel. We consider Kant’s thesis to be a more suitable framework with which to observe modern- day reality than that offered by many of the political and social theories that are currently in use. Although there is no doubt that Kant was a moral philosopher, this thesis shows a certain degree of distrust of mere moral imperatives. The latter are, on their own, ineffective for «humanizing humanity». Today we know that rationality expressed through language is what distinguishes us as a species. However, it is likely that this is not what constitutes us as individuals of this species. Unsocial sociability works well as a conceptual framework with which to address the current difficulties facing democracies, in both the international sphere and in the sphere of their internal pluralism of a cultural and, in some cases, a national, nature. Kant and Hegel are philosophers of History because both offer ways to overcome many conflicts through politics. From a contemporary perspective, unsocial sociability is a concept which complements —in an individual dimension (Kant) as well as in a socio-political dimension (Hegel)— what is an unavoidable feature of the contemporary world: the pluralism of values, interests and identities, which are usually agonistic in nature, and which are endowed with emotional components.
Highlights
Ferrán Requejo y Ramón Valls perativa de los humanos, supone un concepto-marco que permite pensar mejor las dificultades actuales de las democracias, tanto en la esfera internacional como en el de proceder a una acomodación política estable de su pluralismo interno de carácter cultural y, en su caso, de carácter nacional
In this paper we address Kant’s thesis of human beings’ unsocial sociability and a number of related themes such as perpetual peace, cosmopolitanism and patriotism and how this thesis was extended by Hegel
Unsocial sociability is a concept which complements —in an individual dimension (Kant) as well as in a socio-political dimension (Hegel)— what is an unavoidable feature of the contemporary world: the pluralism of values, interests and identities, which are usually agonistic in nature, and which are endowed with emotional components
Summary
El lugar en la obra de Kant 2 donde primero aparece la insociable sociabilidad es el opúsculo titulado Idea para una historia universal con orientación cosmopolita (1784) 3, que es el primero de sus escritos sobre historia y política. A continuación, en la segunda tesis se ciñe ya a los seres humanos y afirma que en éstos las disposiciones destinadas al uso de la razón, y por tanto, dice Kant, a la moralidad, han de desarrollarse de manera completa solamente en la especie, pero no en todos y cada uno de los individuos. Y finalmente, en la tercera tesis, especifica que la naturaleza ha querido que las disposiciones humanas vayan más allá de la existencia animal y que los hombres creen su propia situación de bienestar. Entre las «disposiciones» de los hombres se cuentan las de carácter técnico, pragmático y moral en las que resuena la filosofía aristotélica, pero en ellas reside un antagonismo que subsiste al margen de nuestra voluntad 5. Un desarrollo histórico que nunca acaba, y que cristaliza en una tensa conjunción entre el poder y el derecho en las sociedades modernas
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