Abstract
The anatomical details of the urinary system may be investigated by intravenous urography, retrograde urography, aortography, retroperitoneal air insufflation, etc. Studies of the pathological physiology of the urinary tract have been limited by lack of a modality for the study of motion. Recently, however, the image intensifiers with attached movie cameras are allowing a more complete appraisal of the functioning urinary system. Equipment We are using a commercially available image intensifier and camera unit manufactured by Westinghouse. The field size of the intensification tube is limited to a diameter of 4.5 inches. An illumination gain approximately 400 times that of the average fluoroscopic screen is possible, but dark-adaptation principles should still be used for proper selection of the areas for photographing. The x-ray source is a heavy-duty Dynamax tube with full-wave rectification for fluoroscopy so that 120 pulses per second of x-ray are available for visualization. During cinefluorography, ...
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