Abstract
Ray tube divergence is important in determining the field strength of ionospherically propagagated radio wave. The variations of the ray equations lead to simple expressions for the lateral divergence of the ray tube when the ionospheric geometry is such that the principal ray lies in a vertical plane. However, the fact that the principal ray lies in a vertical plane does not ensure that the laterally divergent ray does. Gradients in the plane of the principal ray can cause the diverging ray to depart from a vertical plane and failure to realize this can lead to error. Collisional losses and the Earth's magnetic field are neglected. In the simple case when the ionospheric properties do not vary in the direction normal to the plane of the principal ray the lateral spreading is just δΘP′ where δΘ is the initial angle between the rays and P′is the group path to the point at which the lateral spreading is measured.
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