Abstract
Optical properties of enamels (gloss, colour, opacity) are closely related to structural parameters. Investigations on the opacification of TiO2-opacified enamels using the Kubelka-Munk theory gave the scattering and absorption coefficients reported in this paper. The relative stability of reflectance behaviour with increasing firing time is due to a compensation of the effects of the decrease both in the scattering and the absorption coefficients. Up to an optimum TiO2 concentration, the scattering coefficients increase, coupled with a decreasing crystal size. Above the optimum concentration, an agglomeration effect leads to decreasing scattering coefficients. The relatively strong absorption in titania enamels is coupled with TiO2 crystals (lattice defects, contaminants). The presence of 3d-element oxides influences the anatase-rutile transformation in a very different manner. Whereas some ions show only a small influence (Mn2+, Cu2+), Cr3+ and Ni2+, in particular, greatly accelerate the transformation, yielding strongly coloured rutile mixed crystals.
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