Abstract
Grapes (Vitis L.), one of the most important and old fruit crops in the world, are grown in a wide range of environments from Australia to North America and from Japan to Chile. All grape growing countries use both international and local cultivars in production to obtain fresh and dried fruits or wine. In Turkey, each region has their own local grape cultivars. Seven local cultivars and one standard grape cultivar, grown in Coruh valley, were analyzed for morphological traits (bunch size, berry color, and berry shape), biochemical characteristics (sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, total carotenoids, and flavonoids content), and % inhibition level (antioxidant capacity). The grape cultivars differed from each other in the morphological and biochemical traits. The grape berries contain predominantly nine main phenolic compounds, five organic acids, and two sugars. Among phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, rutin, and quercetin were found to be dominant for most of the cultivars between 2.365–5.112 mg/L, 0.923–2.147 mg/L, 0.856–1.711 mg/L, and 0.621–1.347 mg/L, respectively. The local cultivar Kirmizi Istanbul had more chlorogenic acid than the other cultivars. The berries with darker skin color, specifically Kara Turfanda and Nanebur, had higher % inhibition level (antioxidant capacity) than the brighter ones, which correspond also to the results of flavonoid contents. Overall, the local genotypes were found promising due to favorable properties and could be recommended for farmers and consumers.
Highlights
Turkey has rich flora due to diverse topography and geomorphology conditions. e country includes 3 out of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely, Caucasus, the Mediterranean, and the Irano-Anatolian [1,2,3,4]
Two solvents, namely, Solvent A methanol-acidic acid-water (10 : 2:88) and Solvent B methanol-acidic acid-water (90 : 2:8), were used. e separation was conducted at 254 and 280 nm, and the flow rate was determined as 1 mL/min, and the injection volume was determined as 20 μL. e method of Sasmaz et al [26] was used for quantification of phenolic compounds
Morphological Traits. e results of morphological characteristics of eight autochthonous grape cultivars are shown in Table 1. e local cultivars exhibited a great diversity of bunch size, berry color, and berry shape
Summary
Turkey has rich flora due to diverse topography and geomorphology conditions. e country includes 3 out of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely, Caucasus, the Mediterranean, and the Irano-Anatolian [1,2,3,4]. E country includes 3 out of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely, Caucasus, the Mediterranean, and the Irano-Anatolian [1,2,3,4]. One of the hotspots for plant biodiversity in the country is Coruh valley. E Vitis genus has two subgenera: Muscadinia and Euvitis. E Euvitis subgenus including the most cultivated grapevines is divided into three groups: the American group, the East Asia group, and the Eurasian group. Most of the Vitis cultivars grown in the world belong to V. vinifera within the Eurasian group. Turkey, located between Asia and Europe, is important for grape cultivation. Viticulture has spread to almost all geographical regions in the country, and, in particular, local grape cultivars were found along the ancient Silk Road [10, 11].
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