Abstract
A virtual circuit is a connection between two users, devices, or terminals that Junctions as if it were a direct connection. Forwarding, switching, and/or routing over directly-connected circuits takes place at intermediate devices within the virtual circuit, but the details are hidden from the end points. Virtual circuits are widely used in many telecommunications and networking architectures; viz.: in wireline (PSTN, ISDN, BISDN) and wireless (GSM) telephony; in packet-switched networks at various layers (e.g., transport layer connections); in Multiprotocol Label Switched (MPLS) networks where tunnels are a type of virtual circuit; in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks where permanent and switched virtual circuits are fundamental components; in optical networks where wavelength routing and burst switching are abstract forms of provisioned virtual circuits; and in emerging multi-service networks where managed Ethernet virtual circuits are used to bridge legacy technologies like frame relay and ATM.
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