Some Factors of Importance in the Integration of Pastures and Cattle with Coconuts (Cocos nucifera)

Abstract

The problems of integrating pastures, livestock and tree crops are discussed with particular reference to coconut. While the greatest potential for integration exists with mature coconut plantations where tall varieties are grown, successful integration is dependent upon a full appreciation of the various factors which control the pasture-cattle- coconut system. The concept of competition is discussed in terms of soil moisture, soil nutrient levels and light. The various factors influencing the level of light penetrating the coconut canopy are described as well as the effects of shade on growth rates of tropical grasses and legumes. The degree of shade tolerance of various grass species is illustrated in terms of a broad relationship between species and light transmission class. Herbage production is inversely related to tree density, and for the coconut grower wishing to maximize pasture growth, the least number of palms per hectare that will give the maximum yield of copra is the number of palms that should be aimed at. Other factors which limit pasture production are the area occupied by the basal trunk portion of the coconut palm and the surrounding root mass, the size of the area of non-cultivation around each tree and the effect of fallen fronds on pasture growth. Cattle can cause damage to soil structure if they are grazed on heavy soils under wet conditions and if high stocking rates are maintained. Cattle can also cause damage to young trees, and cattle dung may serve as a breeding place for rhinoceros beetle, one of the major pests of coconut.