Abstract
Renewal time and circulation rate are calculated for lakes, rivers and oceans. The annual circulation of the oceans is found to be only four times that of lakes in absolute amount. The dump sites, categories of wastes and tonnages for the disposal of wastes in the sea in Japan are discussed in detail. The dumping of sewage sludge in Japan is severely restricted due to the effects of trace elements on the marine ecosystem. Results of laboratory tests on the settling characteristics of sewage sludge, toxic effects of ammonia on fish and biomagnification are summarized.
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