Abstract
Since Parman (1932a, USDA Cir. 247, 4 p.; 1932b, USDA, Bur. Ent. & Plant Quarantine, E299, 4 p.) built the first bait traps for eye gnats, many new designs have been proposed. Burgess (1935, USDA, Bur. Ent. & Plant Quarantine, E335, 6 p.) modified the Parman box-type bait traps and designed many other simplified versions for use in control and monitoring seasonal populations of Hippelates eye gnats in the Coachella Valley of California. Dow & Hutson (1958, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 51 : 351–60) constructed bait traps of both wood and metal for population studies of Hippelates pusio in South Georgia. Although the above-mentioned traps were effective, they were not satisfactory for large-area population studies and/or control, due to their complexity or expense of construction. Mulla (1960, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53 : 529–37) designed a small, efficient trap-olfactometer for the evaluation of various baits and chemicals against Hippelates . This olfactometer trap was mounted on a revolving turntable to minimize bias in trapping. The above-mentioned studies indicate that trap placement and design are important factors in the effectiveness of the type of trap used.
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