Solving the Two Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm Considering Drop Box Facilities and Emission Cost: A Case Study of Reverse Logistics Application in Indonesia

Marco Reinaldi,Rahmad Inca Liperda,Agus Supranartha,Reny Nadlifatin,Sekar Sakti,Anak Agung Ngurah Perwira Redi,Arrie Wicaksono Widodo,Yogi Tri Prasetyo,Dio Fawwaz Prakoso,Mochammad Rizal Wibisono

doi:10.3390/a14090259

Abstract

A two echelon distribution system is often used to solve logistics problems. This study considers a two-echelon distribution system in reverse logistics context with the use of drop box facility as an intermediary facility. An optimization model of integer linear programming is proposed, representing a two-echelon vehicle routing problem with a drop box facility (2EVRP-DF). The aim is to find the minimum total costs consisting of vehicle transportation costs and the costs to compensate customers who have to travel to access these intermediary facilities. The results are then compared to those of common practice in reverse logistics. In common practice, customers are assumed to go directly to the depot to drop their goods. In addition, this study analyzes the environmental impact by adding a component of carbon emissions emitted by the vehicles. A set of comprehensive computational experiments is conducted. The results indicate that the 2EVRP-DF model can provide optimal costs and lower carbon emissions than the common practice.

Highlights

The problem is formulated as a mathematical optimization model, namely the twoechelon vehicle routing problem with drop box facilities (2EVRP-DF)
Testing data was taken from a drop box dataset located around the Jakarta area [31], and reverse geolocation is carried out using the Google API to obtain its latitude and longitude
The second and third part of the experiment, resultssize obtained by GUROBI, simulated annealing (SA), andIncommon practice are compared

Summary

Introduction

Indonesia is a country with a large population. Its population reached over 264 million in 2019 [1] and is projected to increase by roughly 12–15% during 2025–2035 become. 296–305 million population, respectively [2]. The large number of residents has an impact on the increasing amount of waste. A study by Mairizal [3] shows that electronic waste will increase from 7.3 kg/capita in 2021 to 10 kg/capita in 2040. The island of Java contributes 56% to e-waste generation. This study estimated the average daily removal of microplastics from the leachate channel at 80,640 ± 604.80 particles. The daily release of mesoplastic from leachate channels into the aquatic environment was estimated at 618,240 ± 1905.45 particles [4]

Methods

Results

Conclusion