Solvent-Mediated Rate Deceleration of Diels–Alder Reactions for Enhanced Selectivity: Quantum Mechanical Insights

Abstract

Solvents can have a tremendous influence on the rate and selectivity of chemical reactions, but their effects are not always well accounted for. In the present work, density functional theory computations are used to investigate the influence of solvent on the Diels–Alder reactions of 9-methylanthracene with (5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl) acetate and different anhydrides considering the overall reaction rates as well as selectivity between possible isomeric products. Crucially, we find that overall reaction rates are higher in non-polar toluene, whereas selectivity is enhanced in the polar solvent acetone. In the case of (5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl) acetate, the difference in the reaction barriers is enhanced by 2.4 kJ/mol in acetone as compared to the gas phase, halving the yield of the side product. Similar results are found for the reaction of 9-methylanthracene with chloro-maleic anhydride and cyano-maleic anhydride, highlighting the generality of the trends observed. After presenting the energetics, a detailed discussion of the reactivity is given using electrostatic potentials, frontier orbitals, reactivity indices and Fukui functions. In summary, this study highlights the importance of solvent in influencing reaction rates and illustrates the possibility of studying its effects computationally.