Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) concentration and solvent content of dental adhesives on cell viability and cytokine (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) release by human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). HDPCs were obtained from fresh extracted human third molars. Experimental adhesives were prepared containing different concentrations of HEMA (0%, 10%, and 20%) with and without solvent (ethanol 10%). Cylindrical specimens were immersed on culture medium during 24 h to obtain the extracts. The cells were incubated with extracts (culture medium + components leached from the adhesives) of different adhesives, and cell viability and cytokine release were evaluated after 6 and 24 h of exposure. Adhesives containing HEMA promoted high cell viability reduction after 6 h of exposure; but after 24 h, the results were similar to the ones found among control group cells. These effects on cell viability were prominently increased with the addition of solvent. Although IL-1b release was not affected by exposure to eluates, other cytokines (IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α) were modulated by the different experiment conditions, directly influenced by the HEMA concentration and presence of solvent. Higher HEMA concentrations, combined with the presence of solvent, can promote significant reduction on HDPC viability, increasing the release of anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators.
Highlights
Resin materials are applied in several dental restorative procedures such as surface sealers [1], cementation of intraradicular posts [2], repair of restorations [3,4] as well as bonding direct and indirectMaterials 2019, 12, 2750; doi:10.3390/ma12172750 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsMaterials 2019, 12, 2750 restorations [5,6,7]
Statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS 9.1 statistical software (SAS Institute, groups exposed to eluates of solvated adhesives (Figure 1)
HEMA is a monomer that is widely used on dental adhesives due to its ability to reduce monomer mixture viscosity, improving the adhesive system wettability [29,30]
Summary
Resin materials are applied in several dental restorative procedures such as surface sealers [1], cementation of intraradicular posts [2], repair of restorations [3,4] as well as bonding direct and indirectMaterials 2019, 12, 2750; doi:10.3390/ma12172750 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsMaterials 2019, 12, 2750 restorations [5,6,7]. The dental adhesives are agents used to promote the bonding between the dental substrate and the resin materials. In situations like bonding to deep cavities, the resin monomers present in adhesive agents can diffuse through the dentinal tubules of the thin remaining dentin and reach the dental pulp, triggering cell and tissue responses such as inflammation processes [14,15]. This may induce processes such as a transitory hypersensitivity after restorative procedures, and/or could require endodontic treatment in some cases with non-remission of symptoms. The inflammation is initiated by intracellular signalling cascades, resulting in the release of antiand pro-inflammatory mediators, coordinating the immune response [16], and may be triggered by the damage caused by the monomers to the dental pulp cells (fibroblasts, odontoblasts, and macrophages)
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