Soluble–insoluble polyelectrolyte complex of quaternized chitosan with DIVEMA (pyran copolymer)

Abstract

To endow chitosan with solubility in the whole pH-range without loss of functionality of the amino groups, the cationic polysaccharide was exhaustively alkylated yielding N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium) propyl]chitosan chloride (QCht). Each alkylated unit of QCht contained both quaternary amino group and secondary amino group. Recently we demonstrated that QCht forms with nucleic acids of soluble polyelectrolyte complexes stable at physiological conditions and capable of cell transfection in vitro. In the current work, the anionic counterpart of QCht was hydrolyzed copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride (DIVEMA) which is known to possess some anti-tumor and immune stimulating activity and use as a drug carrier in anti-tumor drug delivery systems. According to the potentiometry data and ζ-potential measurements, almost all carboxylic groups of DIVEMA were able to form ion pairs with QCht. In aqueous and water–salt solutions, formation of either soluble or insoluble complexes was controlled by pH, ionic strength, a ratio of the oppositely charged groups, and degree of polymerization of the chains following general rules revealed on studying polyelectrolyte complexes of polycarboxylic acids. These findings evidence plausible advantages of the complex formation as the non-covalent modification that imparts to both polyelectrolytes of the ability for reversible soluble–insoluble transformation under enzyme-friendly conditions.