Soluble factors differ in platelets derived from separate niches: a pilot study comparing the secretome of peripheral blood and bone marrow platelets

Abstract

Background aimsPlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow aspirate are commonly used in orthobiologics for their anti-inflammatory, anabolic/regenerative and immunomodulatory characteristics via platelet degranulation and cell secretions. Although platelets are derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, no attention has been paid to the potential benefits of bone marrow platelets and whether their contents differ from aging platelets in peripheral blood. MethodsIn the present study, leukocyte-poor peripheral blood-derived platelets in plasma (LPP) and leukocyte-poor bone marrow platelets in plasma (BMP) were prepared from six donors, activated with calcium chloride, incubated and sampled at day 0, day 3 and day 6. LPP and BMP are platelet preparations intended to evaluate the respective platelet secretomes but are not classified as conventional PRPs, as they are not concentrated to the extent necessary to meet the qualifying criteria. At each time point, 15 growth and immunomodulatory factors were quantitated in LPP and BMP: platelet-derived growth factor AA, basic fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor 2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β, interferon gamma, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, IL-12p40 and arginase-1. ResultsThe results illustrate that platelets derived from bone marrow have a unique secretome profile compared with those derived from peripheral blood, with significant differences in anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are associated with monocyte polarization. ConclusionsUltimately, bone marrow-derived platelets may be useful as a stand-alone orthobiologic or as an effective adjuvant to autologous cell therapies where anti-inflammatory and anabolic processes are desired, especially with respect to monocyte function.