Abstract
One of the best methods of extracting Vitamin A, as a helper of the immune body system and vision, was measured in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2); Mole fractions were gained at practical conditions in which the temperature was in the range of 303–323 K and the pressure range was 90–235 bar, respectively. Moreover, four Equation of States [Soave–Redlich–Kwong, Peng–Robinson, Stryjek–Vera and Dashtizadeh–Pazuki–Taghikhani–Ghotbi (DPTG)] were compared with the experimental data. Also, the mixing rules of Van der Waals (vdW1 and vdW2) selected to correlate the solubility data of vitamin A. The outcomes indicate that each of EOSs coupled with vdW2, as a method of estimating the physicochemical and critical properties, were correlated with the solubility data of vitamin A in SC-CO2 with more accuracy, in comparison with vdW1. Among the cubic EOSs, the DPTG model with vdW2 generated the most suitable correlation with the percentage average absolute relative deviation (Average Absolute Relative Deviation%) of 6.
Highlights
List of symbols a(T) Energy parameter of in the cubic EOS ( Nm4 mol−2) b Parameter depend on Volume in cubic Equations-Of-State ( m3 mol−1) E Solubility enhancement factor EOS Equation-Of-State kij, lij Mixing rule N Experimental points Ρ Density P Pressure (Pa) R Universal gas constant (J m ol−1 K−1) SRK Soave–Redlich–Kwang V Molar volume (m3 mol−1) vdW1 Van der Waals mixing rule with one adjustable parameter vdW2 Van der Waals mixing rule with two adjustable parameters y Mole fraction solubility k1 Pure compound adjustable parameters
Retinol (Vitamin A) (CAS Number 68-26-8) with purity (GC) > 95% was obtained from Safirazma (Tehran, Iran)
Solubility of Vitamin A (S (g/L)) and mole fractions (y) dissolved in SC-CO2 were in the variety of 0.096 to 1.036 and 2.18 × 1 0–5 to 1.964 × 10–4, respectively
Summary
List of symbols a(T) Energy parameter of in the cubic EOS ( Nm4 mol−2) b Parameter depend on Volume in cubic Equations-Of-State ( m3 mol−1) E Solubility enhancement factor EOS Equation-Of-State kij, lij Mixing rule (binary interactions) N Experimental points Ρ Density (kg m−3) P Pressure (Pa) R Universal gas constant (J m ol−1 K−1) SRK Soave–Redlich–Kwang V Molar volume (m3 mol−1) vdW1 Van der Waals mixing rule with one adjustable parameter vdW2 Van der Waals mixing rule with two adjustable parameters y Mole fraction solubility k1 Pure compound adjustable parameters. Vitamin A is soluble only in non-polar solvents due to having a bond O–H to the whole molecule (Table 1) In addition to this constraint, the operating conditions including temperature, pressure, exposure to air, light, moisture, water activity and pH are considerably affected by them which affects the characterization tests or equipment into practice which have to operate within permissible operating conditions[3]. These supercritical fluids were applied as the extracting solvent In consequence they pave the way to mildly and selectively isolate substances from natural material[4,5,6]. This technology contributed to achieve extracts which are superior from a quality point of view with higher yield. The SFE technique holds various features such as higher extraction efficiencies, simple and easy separation technology, no need for solvent recovery equipment and completion near to standard room temperature conditions[7]
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