Solubility modeling, dissolution and solvation thermodynamics, and solute–solvent interactions of diflufenican in aqueous aprotic and protic cosolvents

Abstract

Electrostatic characteristics of acidity and basicity of the diflufenican molecule were uncovered by examining the Hirshfeld surface and the electrostatic potential surface, respectively. When it comes to nucleophilic and electrophilic assault, the >NH, =O, and -O- groups are where it is at. Diflufenican-solvent interactions were shown using an independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition analysis. Under 101.2 kPa, the isothermal saturation technique was used to experimentally obtain the diflufenican solubility in mixtures of isopropanol/methanol + water and ethyl acetate + ethanol across the temperature range from 278.15 to 323.15 K. Diflufenican was more soluble in ethyl acetate + ethanol blends than alcohol + water blends at the same temperature and cosolvent composition. Maximum relative average deviation of 9.57 percent was obtained using the Jouyban-Acree and modified van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree models of correlation. The literature-reported solubility of diflufenican in ethylene glycol (EG), ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + water, as well as our determined in ethyl acetate + ethanol and methanol/isopropanol + water at 298.15 K, were all investigated using an extended Hildebrand solubility parameter approach. The local mole fractions of diflufenican in the seven solutions were also investigated using the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals technique. Preferential solvation of diflufenican by PG, ethanol, DMF, methanol, and isopropanol in aqueous solutions and by ethyl acetate in ethyl acetate + ethanol solutions was observed. Diflufenican in aqueous EG mixes was not preferentially solvated by EG. Results and discussion of the enthalpy–entropy compensation features of dissolution were reached.