Abstract
The universal observations associated with solid-state sintering are loss of surface area and an increase in strength of the powder compact. The typical result of solid-state sintering of metals and ionically bonded ceramics is an opaque material containing residual porosity and grains much larger than the starting particles. Although there is a continuous evolution of the microstructure of a compact initially composed of discrete particles during the course of sintering, it is convenient to divide the process into three stages defined in terms of the microstructure. The solid-state sintering of crystalline solids can take place by vapor transport; surface, lattice, and grain-boundary diffusion; and plastic deformation through dislocation migration. Sintering maps have been proposed as the displays of sintering mechanisms over ranges of temperature and extent of sintering. The phenomenon of exaggerated grain growth is frequently observed in the final stage of sintering and exacerbates the pore entrapment problem. Although the sintering models are instructive and useful in understanding the sintering process, care must be exercised in attempting to predict the sintering behavior of real powders. Particle shapes, size distributions, and packing usually differ from those on which the models are based.
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