Abstract
SummaryTa-doped Li2ZnTi3O8 (LZTO) spheres (Li2ZnTi3-xTaxO8; where x is the synthetic chemical input, x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) are synthesized via solid-state reaction using mesoporous TiO2 spheres as the self-template. The majority of Ta5+ ions are uniformly doped into crystal lattices of LZTO through the Ti↔Ta substitution, and the rest forms the piezoelectric LiTaO3 secondary phase on the surface, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction refinement, Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory, and electron microscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that the Ta5+ doping creates rapid electronic transportation channels for high Li+ ion diffusion kinetics; however, the LiTaO3 surface coating is beneficial to improve the electronic conductivity. At the optimal x = 0.05, Li2ZnTi3-xTaxO8 spheres exhibit a reversible capacity of 90.2 mAh/g after 2000 cycles with a high coulombic efficiency of ≈100% at 5.0 A/g, thus enabling a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries with high power and energy densities.
Highlights
The majority of Ta5+ ions are uniformly doped into crystal lattices of LZTO through the Ti4Ta substitution, and the rest forms the piezoelectric LiTaO3 secondary phase on the surface, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction refinement, Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory, and electron microscopy
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely spread out in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles owing to their integral superiorities in energy density, charge-discharge dynamics, and overall operational lifetime (Tang et al, 2020; Eftekhari, 2019; Yang et al, 2011)
The detailed solid-state self-template synthesis procedure for LZTO spheres is illustrated in Scheme S1
Summary
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely spread out in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles owing to their integral superiorities in energy density, charge-discharge dynamics, and overall operational lifetime (Tang et al, 2020; Eftekhari, 2019; Yang et al, 2011). Continuous efforts have been devoted to the advanced electrode materials of LIBs to further boost their power density and cycle life and to meet the ever-increasing concerns in the safety. Graphite is the first commercially used low-cost anode material with a lithiation potential below 0.2 V vs Li/Li+, which is very close to the lithium stripping voltage (Bai et al, 2019; Feng et al, 2018; Li et al, 2017b). The relatively low theoretical specific capacity (175 mAh/g) restricts its practical applications (Jin et al, 2019)
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