Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses solid-state reactions, which are essential in materials science. Sintering is a solid-state reaction that occurs without change of composition, the driving force being the lowering of the interfacial and surface free enthalpies. In the absence of a liquid phase, material transport takes place by volume diffusion, by surface and grain-boundary diffusion, and by evaporation–condensation. Small amounts of liquid phase can have a pronounced effect on solid-state reactions, especially when the phase and grain boundaries are wetted. This will be the case when the free surface energy of the interface between liquid and solid has a small value. In the ceramic industry, powders used in the fabrication of sintered products are very often produced by solid-state reactions. Reaction and sintering can be achieved in a single heat treatment to save cost. Reaction sintering can lead to texture in the final product by topotactic reaction. The crystal orientation of the nuclei of the reaction product is not random but is related to the crystal orientation of the reactant on whose surface the nucleation has taken place. In the refractory industry, coarse dense powders are produced by melting the reactants together.
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