Solid-state proton conduction: An ab initio molecular dynamics investigation of ammonium perchlorate doped with neutral ammonia

Abstract

Abstract The charge-transport mechanism in solid ammonium perchlorate crystal exposed to an ammonia-rich environment is studied using ab initio molecular dynamics. Ammonium perchlorate is an ionic crystal composed of NH4 + and ClO4 - ; units that possesses an orthorhombic phase at T < 513 K and a cubic phase at T > 513 K. Exposure to an ammonia-rich atmosphere allows ammonia molecules to be absorbed into the crystal at interstitial sites. It has been proposed that these neutral ammonias can form short-lived N2H7 + complexes with the NH4 + ions allowing proton transfer between them, thereby enhancing the conductivity considerably. To date, however, there has been no direct evidence of this proposed mechanism. In this paper, ab initio molecular dynamics techniques are employed to explore this mechanism. By comparing computed infrared spectra of the pure and ammonia-doped crystals, we observe a significant broadening of the NH stretch peak into a lower frequency region, indicating through an experimentally verifiable observable, the formation of hydrogen bonds between NH3 and NH4 + units. This suggestion is confirmed by direct observation of N2H7 + complexes from the trajectory. Comparison of the diffusion constants of NH4 + in the pure and doped crystals yields a ratio that is comparable to the experimentally measured conductivity ratio and clearly shows an enhanced positive charge mobility. Finally, compelling evidence suggesting the possibility of an ammonia umbrella inversion following proton transfer from NH4 + and NH3 is obtained.