Abstract
Benzene is one of the carcinogenic compounds in the work environments. Exposure assessment of benzene through biological monitoring is an acceptable way to accurately measure the real exposure in order to conducting the health risk assessment, but it is always complicated, laborious, time consuming and costly process. A new sensitive, simple, fast and environmental friendly method was developed for the determination of urinary metabolite of benzene, trans trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) by dispersive liquid–liquid micro extraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra violet detector. Central composite design methodology was utilized to evaluate the effective factors on the extraction output of the target metabolite. The calibration curve was plotted in the concentration ranges of 0.02–5 µg mL−1. The precision and accuracy of the method were assayed via the relative standard deviation (RSD%) and relative recovery (RR%) using spiked samples with three replications. The RR% and RSD% of the optimized method were 86.9–91.3% and 4.3–6.3% respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.006 µg mL−1. The level of t,t-MA in real samples was ranged from 0.54 to 1.64 mg/g creatinine. We demonstrated that t,t-MA can be extracted and determined by an inexpensive, simple and fast method.
Highlights
Nowadays, organic solvents are extensively used in various processes because of their unique characters
As an alternative way during the metabolism process, benzene ring may be opened in the benzene oxide or oxepin step via the reactive intermediate muconaldehyde
Experimental Reagents and solutions. t,t-MA was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). 1-undecanol (99%), 1-dodecanol (99%), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid, and methanol (HPLC grade) were all provided from Merck Company (Darmstadt, Germany)
Summary
Organic solvents are extensively used in various processes because of their unique characters. There are two ways to accurately determine the level of exposure to pollutants: air sampling and biological monitoring. Biological monitoring is necessary for precise determination of real exposure to benzene. Phenol and catechol metabolites were associated with high concentration of benzene exposure (higher than 10 ppm). It. has been found that there is a good correlation between urinary t,t-MA and concentration of benzene in air and blood in low levels of benzene e xposure[12,13]. As an alternative way during the metabolism process, benzene ring may be opened in the benzene oxide or oxepin step via the reactive intermediate muconaldehyde. Monitoring of biological media is an acceptable way to accurately measure the real exposure to the compounds, it is always complicated, laborious, time consuming and costly process[16]. Sample preparation is a good solution to conquer these problems
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