Solidification performance and mechanism of typical radioactive nuclear waste by geopolymers and geopolymer ceramics: A review

Abstract

The radioactive waste generated from nuclear fuel cycles poses significant risks to the natural environment and the health of surrounding residents. Thus, the utilization of appropriate solidification materials is essential for their safe disposal. Geopolymers, as a novel type of cementitious material, exhibit effective immobilization properties for radioactive nuclear waste. Moreover, the amorphous nature of geopolymers can transform into crystalline ceramics upon heat treatment, demonstrating enhanced and superior capability for immobilizing radionuclides. In this paper, we employ Citespace software to conduct a visual analysis of existing literature in the domains of “Geopolymer for radioactive waste immobilization” and “Geopolymer ceramics for radioactive waste immobilization.” Exploiting the physicochemical properties of geopolymers, we analyze their immobilization performance and mechanisms for typical radioactive nuclear waste. Building on this foundation, we delve into the ceramicization process of geopolymers, summarizing three enhanced methods for efficiently immobilizing Cs using geopolymer ceramics. Finally, the challenges and prospects of utilizing geopolymer and geopolymer ceramics for immobilizing radioactive nuclear waste are discussed. This offers novel research avenues for scientists to explore the development of geopolymers as cost-effective, high-performance materials to address the issue of radioactive waste contamination.