Solidarity cities and cosmopolitanism from below. Barcelona as refugee city

Abstract

The so-called «refugee crisis» provoked a wave of solidarity movements across Europe. These movements contrasted with attitudes of rejection against refugees from almost all eu member states and the lack of coordinated and satisfactory response from the eu as an institution. Whilst the first position entails backlash of nationalized identities, the latter represents the failure of a cosmopolitan view attached to the eu. We argue that the European solidarity movement shapes a new kind of cosmopolitanism: a cosmopolitanism from below which fosters an inclusionary universalism, which is both critical and conflictual. Urban spaces thus become the place to locally articulate inclusive communities where solidarity bonds and coexistence prevail before national borders and cosmopolitan imaginaries about welcoming, human rights and the universal political community are enhanced. We relate these discussions to ongoing debates about sanctuary cities and solidarity cities and discuss how urban solidarities can have a transformative role at the city level. We use the case of Barcelona to provide a concrete example of intersections between civil society and a municipal government. Furthermore, we discuss how practices on the scale of the city are up-scaled and used to forge trans-local solidarities and city networks.